A Survey on the Best Choice for Modulus of Residue Code

Nowadays, the development of technology and the growing need for dense and complex chips have led chip industries to increase their attention on the circuit testability. Also, using the electronic chips in certain industries, such as the space industry, makes the design of fault tolerant circuits a challenging issue. Coding is one of the most suitable methods for error detection and correction. The residue code, as one of the best choices for error detection aims, is wildly used in large arithmetic circuits such as multiplier and also finds a wide range of applications in processors and digital filters. The modulus value in this technique directly effect on the area overhead parameter. A large area overhead is one of the most important disadvantages especially for testing the small circuits. The purpose of this paper is to study and investigate the best choice for residue code check base that is used for simple and small circuits such as a simple ripple carry adder. The performances are evaluated by applying stuck-at-faults and transition-faults by simulators. The efficiency is defined based on fault coverage and normalized area overhead. The results show that the modulus 3 with 95% efficiency provided the best result. Residue code with this modulus for checking a ripple carry adder, in comparison with duplex circuit, 30% improves the efficiency

Attention-Guided Version of 2D UNet for Automatic Brain Tumor Segmentation

Gliomas are the most common and aggressive among brain tumors, which cause a short life expectancy in their highest grade. Therefore, treatment assessment is a key stage to enhance the quality of the patients' lives. Recently, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have achieved a remarkable performance in brain tumor segmentation, but this task is still difficult owing to high varying intensity and appearance of gliomas. Most of the existing methods, especially UNet-based networks, integrate low-level and high-level features in a naive way, which may result in confusion for the model. Moreover, most approaches employ 3D architectures to benefit from 3D contextual information of input images. These architectures contain more parameters and computational complexity than 2D architectures. On the other hand, using 2D models causes not to benefit from 3D contextual information of input images. In order to address the mentioned issues, we design a low-parameter network based on 2D UNet in which we employ two techniques. The first technique is an attention mechanism, which is adopted after concatenation of low-level and high-level features. This technique prevents confusion for the model by weighting each of the channels adaptively. The second technique is the Multi-View Fusion. By adopting this technique, we can benefit from 3D contextual information of input images despite using a 2D model. Experimental results demonstrate that our method performs favorably against 2017 and 2018 state-of-the-art methods.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, Accepted by ICCKE 201

In silico designing and creation a new generation of reteplase with more fibrin specificity

Introduction: Reteplase is a fibrin-specific thrombolytic drug and non-glycosylated modified recombinant form of human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). It is containing kringle-2 and serine protease domains but the epidermal growth factor and fibronectin finger domains are absent. The lack of finger domain in reteplase cause decrease fibrin specificity. Since the enhancing fibrin specificity is one of the aim for development new thrombolytic drug, due to decreasing side effect such as hemorrhage, also reteplase is non-glycosylated and can be produced in bacterial system at low cost, in this study a new generation of reteplase designed with more fibrin specificity.  Methods and Results: According to the sequence of protein drugswith more fibrin specificity, mutations in reteplase sequence consist of substitution mutation in Kringle 2 domains and adding sequence of mutated finger domain to reteplase sequence. 3D structure of this new reteplase was created by Modeller9.17 software and then simulated by Gromacs 5 software for 20 ns. Docking simulation was performed between new and wild reteplase with fibrin by HADDOCK server separately. The results showed that new reteplase has better interaction with fibrin compared with wild type (table1). Parameter Wild reteplase New  reteplase HADDOCK score* -35.8 +/- 8.3 -43.2 +/- 21.3             *More negative score is better score  Conclusions: In this study a new generation of reteplase with more fibrin specificity was designed in silico. Since the production of reteplase has low cost compared with tPA, improvement its structure to desirable features such as increasing fibrin specificity, can be a way to achieve a favorable thrombolytic drug

An Update on the Management of Endodontic Biofilms Using Root Canal Irrigants and Medicaments

Microbial biofilm is defined as a sessile multicellular microbial community characterized by cells that are firmly attached to a surface and enmeshed in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms play a very important role in pulp and periradicular pathosis. The aim of this article was to review the role of endodontic biofilms and the effects of root canal irrigants, medicaments as well as lasers on biofilms. A Medline search was performed on the English articles published from 1982 to 2013 and was limited to papers published in English. The searched keywords were “Biofilms AND endodontics”, “Biofilms AND sodium hypochlorite”, "Biofilms AND chlorhexidine", "Biofilms AND MTAD", "Biofilms AND calcium hydroxide", “Biofilms AND ozone”, “Biofilms AND lasers” and "Biofilms AND nanoparticles". The reference list of each article was manually searched to find other suitable sources of information

A Review of the Various Surface Treatments of NiTi Instruments

Since the introduction of engine-driven nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments, attempts have been made to minimize or eliminate their inherent defects, increase their surface hardness/flexibility and also improve their resistance to cyclic fatigue and cutting efficiency. The various strategies of enhancing instrument surface include ion implantation, thermal nitridation, cryogenic treatment and electropolishing. The purpose of this paper was to review the metallurgy and crystal characteristics of NiTi alloy and to present a general over review of the published articles on surface treatment of NiTi endodontic instruments

A Review of the Properties and Applications of Ozone in Endodontics: An Update

Ozone is a triatomic molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is applied to oral tissues in the forms of ozonated water, ozonated olive oil and oxygen/ozone gas. This paper presents a brief review on the chemistry of ozone as well as its medical and dental applications focusing on its use in endodontics. Ozone’s antimicrobial activity, its effect on dentin bonding, toxicity and contra-indications are also reviewed

Effect of extract of Varthemia persica DC on whole blood acetylcholinesterase activity in rats

Varthemia persica DC. is an aromatic plant, from the Asteraceae family, wildly growing in the central provinces of Iran. Sesquiterpene lactones that are found in Varthemia species have protective effect against organophosphates toxicity. This study aimed to assess the Effect of Varthemia persica extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In this study, 0.4 mg normal saline was injected intra peritoneally in 12 control rats. 0.4 ml ethyl paraoxon was injected intraperitoneally in the reference group. In positive control group, after ethyl paraoxon injection, 0.4 ml pralidoxime was injected. In the first group (test 1) ethanolic Varthemia persica suspension was injected. In the second group (test 2), during the 6 days before toxin injection, daily injection of Varthemia persica was made. In test 3 group, suspension injection was repeated in 5 following days. In test 4 group, dichloroethanic suspension was injected. And in the last group (test 5) a high dose of suspension (1g/ml) was injected. The blood sample was collected 30 minutes after final injection. AChE activity was measure. The results showed that AChE activity was significantly improved only in the second and third groups and in other test groups, Varthemia persica suspension don't improved AChE activity. Based on the present finding it seems that the Varthemia persica extract is only effective if it used frequently and a single dose even in high dose is not effective

Price Regulation Based On Performance of Iranian Water and Wastewater Companies

The purpose of this paper is to design a unique pricing system (price-cap) for Iran's water and wastewater industry to ensure fair pricing for its customers, encourage effective investment planning, and improve corporate productivity and efficiency. To this end, the translog frontier cost function form using the panel- data of thirty-five (35) water and wastewater companies over the period 2012-2017 is used to calculate the aforementioned components and X-factor and use it in the price-cap model for a five-year period, has been used. The price ceiling decreasing for the most efficient company was 2% and for the most inefficient company was 28%. In other words, in the first year of implementation of the price ceiling adjustment model, the most efficient water and wastewater company will be allowed to decrease its base or initial price by 2%, but the most inefficient company will be allowed to more decrease by 28%. It is this incentive that fulfills the purpose of implementing the price-cap model as an incentive regulation method

Correction to: Improved Butterfly Optimization Algorithm for Data Placement and Scheduling in Edge Computing Environments (Journal of Grid Computing, (2021), 19, 2, (14), 10.1007/s10723-021-09556-0)

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-021-09562-2. © 2021, Springer Nature B.V